tulisan 5 article

NAMA : BOBBY YOHANES

KELAS : 2 KA 28

NPM : 10109359

JUDUL : BAHASA INGGRIS ( ARTICLE)

Articles — both definite and indefinite

Indefinite — a, an

Uses

· Before a singular noun which is countable when it is mentioned for the first time and represents no particular person or thing.
"A horse is a noble animal."

· Before a singular countable noun which is used as an example of a class of things.
"A book is something you read."

· With a noun complement, including names of professions.
"She is a doctor, he became a famous actor."

· In certain numerical expressions.
"a dozen, a hundred"

· In expressions of price, speed, ratio.
"60 miles an hour, 4 hours a day, 30p a box"

· With "few" and "little"
"a few people, a little sugar"

· In exclamations before singular, countable nouns. "What a pity! What a sunny day!"

· It can be placed before Mr., Mrs, Miss, Ms + surname.
"a Mr. Brown phoned today."

Not Used

· Before plural nouns.
"Horses are noble animals."

· Before uncountable nouns
"Milk is good for you."

· Before abstract nouns.
"Fear is natural."

· Before names of meals except when preceded by an adjective.
"We had a late breakfast and decided to miss lunch."

Definite — the

Uses

· Before nouns of which there is only one.
"The earth is round."

· Before a noun which has become definite as a result of being mentioned a second time.
"We saw a good film last night. It was the film you recommended."

· Before a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or clause.
"The woman dressed in black."

· Before a noun which, by reason of locality, can represent only one particular thing.
"There’s a bee in the kitchen."

· Before superlatives and "first", "second" and "only"
"The longest river in the world."

· Before singular nouns used to represent a class of objects.
"The donkey is a very obstinate animal."

· Before an adjective used to represent a class of persons.
"That tax hurts the rich."

· Before names of seas, rivers, chains of mountains, groups of islands and plural names of countries.
"the Pacific Ocean, the Thames, the Andes, the West Indies, the Netherlands"

· Before musical instruments.
"She plays the piano"

Not Used

· Before countries, towns, proper names.
"Charlie lived in Chicago in America"

· Before abstract nouns.
"Jealousy can be dangerous."

· Before parts of the body and articles of clothing — these normally prefer a possessive adjective.
"Lift your left arm."
"He removed his hat."

"Charlie the Brave"

Charlie is a teacher and his wife, Maria is an artist. One of the main differences between the two is that Charlie has no imagination well perhaps a little whereas Maria has the most vivid imagination you could think of.
Now — imagination is an essential quality if you’re an artist but sometimes it can lead to — problems. Take the night before last, for example. It was a fine summer night and you could see the moon and the stars quite clearly, it was shortly before the longest day of the year. Charlie was sitting in a deckchair enjoying the warm summer air when he felt something touch his shoulder; it was Maria’s hand and he could tell immediately she was a little worried about something. He had noticed this sensation a hundred times before. He asked her what the matter was and she replied that there was a strange thing on the jacket that was hanging in the bedroom. Now you must remember that they had both lived in the West Indies and had seen a lot of strange creatures in their house before. But now they were living in — England and so Charlie just laughed and said he would have a look at the "thing".

He left the garden and made his way to the bedroom. He could see a jacket hanging in the bedroom and went up to it to have a closer look at the"thing". The moment he touched it, the thing sprang into— life. Now Charlie experiences — fear like the rest of us but when this creatures opened its wings, he jumped out of his skin and ran screaming from the room like a small child doing about 100 miles an hour.

What a fuss you may say and the brave among you may well regard such behaviour as pathetic but — bats (for this thing was a bat) bring out the worst in many people. For a moment the next-door neighbours thought that Charlie was murdering his wife because of the noise they could hear. In fact the bat was the one that was frightened and it fluttered its wings and flew from one side of the bedroom to the other.
Eventually Charlie managed to trap the bat in a box and went out into thefront garden clutching the box as if it had a bomb inside it, took off the lid and the bat, obviously delighted to be free, flew away into the dark. Eventually Maria, who had been playing the guitar while Charlie was upstairs, asked Charlie if he had found out what the thing was. "Oh, nothing to worry about", he said casually hoping that the terror could not be seen in his eyes, "it was just a bat."

subject + auxiliary verb (be) + main verb (past participle)

Sometimes a modal verb can be used before the auxiliary verb:

subject + modal verb (could)+ auxiliary verb (be) + main verb (past participle)

We use the passive when:

· we want to make the active object more important

· we do not know the active subject

Now read the short story and try to work out what the constructions in italics mean.

"Haunted"

The house was built in the middle of the 18th century and some signs could still be found that it had once been a famous meeting place for people who liked playing card games. By the time it was bought by my aunt and uncle some two hundred years later it had been owned by a long list of different people whose names are recorded on the title deeds. As it is situated by the sea, it became a favourite place for various members of the family to visit. It also had an added attraction — it was haunted, at least so my uncle said.

To this day of course it never had been proved. The story according to my uncle was that at certain times of the day, incidentally at all times when the house was only occupied by him, a small figure appeared at the bottom of the stairs in the shape of an old lady and held firmly in her hands what appeared to be a walking stick. She waited a moment, looked up the stairs, climbed a few steps to check as if she was being watched and then suddenly she could no longer be seen.

At this stage in the story it must be pointed out that my uncle was a man blessed with a vivid imagination. Once he even convinced his wife shortly after they got married that he was hypnotized when they visited the theatre. This turned out to be his excuse for falling asleep because he was bored. She could not be persuaded. But he was quite definite about the little old lady. "You just wait" he used to say "till you see her. Then you will be convinced. " The trouble with the younger generation is that they refuse to believe anything unless it it is presented to them on a plate. He claimed that he was endowed with special psychic powers because he was the seventh son of a seventh son. That was a fact that couldn't be disputed. Personally, I didn't believe a word about this so-called ghost. But then when you are invited to someone's house you have to be polite.

I had just finished at university and had a couple of weeks holiday before I started my first full-time job when I was invited by my aunt and uncle to stay for a few days at the famous haunted house. "You are given freedom of the house while you're here", my uncle had said, "and you can carry out any investigations you like concerning our "house ghost" — that was how the old lady was referred to because I want you of all people to to be conviced of the authenticity of this apparition." Somehow I was a highly respected member of the family and my uncle firmly believed that my word was accepted. The first two days, no sign was given of the "ghostly" old lady. On the third day my aunt and uncle asked me if I wanted to come on a lengthy shopping expedition because their supplies now had been exhausted and they had to travel some twenty miles to the nearest town that had a supermarket. This ritual regularly was carried out once a month. I declined the offer as I had decided it was time for me to go for a swim in the sea. Before they left, meaningful glances were exchanged between my aunt and uncle as if they both expected to hear some news from me when they got back. As they left, my uncle turned and said, "You will be suprised at what happens, while we are away."

I went for my swim but the sea was very rough and I constantly was pushed onto the beach by the waves. I gave up in the end and made my way back to the house, got washed and dressed, had a bite to eat and sat on the most comfortable chair to watch television. After what seemed like a few minutes, I was aware of an unusual sound as if pieces of material were rubbed together. I got up from the chair and walked into the hall. I was quite taken aback with what confronted me. There, at the bottom of the stairs was the celebrated little old lady carrying her walking stick and holding a pack of cards. For some strange reason I wasn't frightened at all by this apparition. I went up to her and quite calmly asked her, "Will you come in and join me in the sitting room." She too showed no sign of being disturbed by my casual invitation. "I should be delighted" she replied "and perhaps you could be persuaded to join me in a game of cards." We got on like a house on fire but strange as it may seem, the subject of ghosts or haunting not wasn't mentioned and we played one game of cards after the other as if it was the most natural thing in the world. I think I was dealt some terrible cards because I kept on losing and in the end my guest was obviously getting bored by the lack of competition. A little later she complained of tiredness and left the room.

When they returned, I told my uncle that the little old lady had made an appearance but I didn't go into the card games and our little chat. He was overwhelmed by the news. It changed his life. Till his dying day he regaled all visitors with the story of the ghostly lady and then added with a broad grin, "It is not just me, you know, the story was verified by my nephew."

Well, I did spend a lovely holiday there, they were both very kind to me and no harm no harm was done. You see it depended on the way «made an appearance» is interepreted. After my vigorous swim I'd sat down in front of the television and fallen asleep and well — I have to confess — I simply dreamt the whole thing.

General

1. Relative pronouns do two jobs at once:
a) acting as subject or object of a verb
b) joining two clauses together

2. The most common are: who, whom, which and that — who and whom for people and which for things.

3. Whom is not used much in conversation and refers to an object of a verb or a preposition.

4. That can often replace whom, who and which.

5. After nouns referring to times and places, when and where can be used to mean at which or in which and why can be used to mean for which.

6. Whose is a possessive relative word, referring to people and things.

Particular

1. Defining and non-defining relative clauses
Compare:
"George, who lives next door, always watches television."
"The couple who live next door always watch television.»

2. That
a) For people and things and in conversation.
b) After the following: all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, little, few, much.
c) After superlatives.

3. In defining relative clauses the relative pronoun is often left out if it is the object of the verb.

4. Prepositions can come before the relative pronoun or at the end of the clause but you cannot use that or who after a preposition.

5. In a non-defining relative clause that cannot be used and object relative pronouns cannot be left out.

6. Sentence Relative
Compare:
"He showed me a photo that upset me."
"He tore up the photo, which upset me."

7. Relative and infinitive
"He was unhappy unless he had someone with whom to argue."

8. Whose can refer to people or things and can be the subject of a clause, the object of a verb or the object of a preposition.

9. Instead of whose, of which can be used.

10. What
Compare:
"I gave her the money that she needed."
"I gave her what she wanted

We use an adverb when we want to describe an activity as in this example:

· They speak English too quickly for me.

Please be aware that there are quite a number of adverbs that don't have the ending «ly». Here are some examples:

· fast

· well

· often

As with any grammar rule there are a lot of exceptions and it's really best for you to simply read stories and find the adverbs in italics.

So without futher ado, let's get straight to the point.

"High Hopes"

I had a nightmare the other night. I dreamt I was bungee jumping, that's when you throw yourself off a bridge and your feet are attached to an elasticated rope that pulls you back again. I didn't do the jump properly, in fact, I did it extremely badly because I fell only a few metres and was dangling dangerously just below the bridge for ages.

Then I woke up and thanked my lucky stars enthusiastically that it had been only a dream. I lay quietly in bed the following morning and wondered how I had come to have such a terrible dream. Never would I contemplate the idea of jumping off a bridge with or without an elasticated cord. Then I remembered I had seen a film on the television the night before showing some students bungee jumping. The funny thing about this strange sport is that you often see people jumping off but you never see them come back. As I said, in no circumstances could I be persuaded to do it for the simple reason that I am terrified of heights. I remember once sitting petrified at my desk at work listening to a colleague describing how he had jumped out of a plane by parachute on one occasion in order to raise some money for charity, I can recall how I almost fell off my chair in fear. No sooner had he finished telling his story than I had to get up and go and lie down quietly in a darkened room. I can still remember one incident that illustrates my fear of heights — I haven't got over it yet and it's still very vivid in my mind.

I never have to find an excuse to go the seaside. I always agree to it when someone suggests going to the coast. I never can resist the sight and smell of the sea. A trip had been planned for the weekend. I always used to pack the night before one of these trips and invariably I rarely slept in anticipation of the event. That's what comes of working in a large city day in day out. We set off early and reached our destination quite quickly at about 11 a.m. Hardly had we finished our morning coffee in a small cafe when it started to rain really heavily. Then we decided to drive around to the front and watch the sea as it pounded violently against the beach. We were just going to abandon the whole idea of staying there any longer when the sun made an appearance suddenly.

As quickly as the rain had started equally as speedily it stopped. We all got out of the car and walked slowly up the cliff at the end of the town. Usually you get a magnificent view of the bay at the top but on this particular afternoon rarely had I seen so much mist. And that, in a manner of speaking, was my down fall. Although I knew this particular piece of land quite well, the fog had obscured the edge of the cliff and although I was walking very slowly as I always do on high ground, I stepped on a piece of grass which I thought was solid but soon discovered was anything but. I slipped immediately and began to descend almost as if I was nearly doing a slow motion bungee jump only this time I was the right way up. With a jolt I stopped abruptly and realized I was going nowhere. Only then did I start to panic. I could hear the sea but I didn't dare look down and I started to yell as loud as I could. I waited patiently on my little edge for at least half an hour while I was being assured that help would come soon.

Eventually a rope was dropped down to me and I gradually hoisted myself up to the top of the cliff. By now the mist had cleared completely and I took a quick look down to discover that I had only been about half a metre from the beach. But I thought I'd conceal that information subtly.

Conjunctions or "Joined up writing"

If you want to be rude about somebody's ability to express themselves and indicate that they can't say more than one complete sentence at a time, then you could say: they can't even string two sentences together. Now, string together is a sort of knitting expression suggesting that different parts of a material you're making are attached one to the other. Mind you, there's nothing wrong with short simple sentences all in a row. They can be appealing but sometimes you want to expand your ideas and that's when you make use of the joining words, called "conjunctions". They come in different shapes and sizes with of course different meanings and uses. They start small like "and", "but" and "as" growing into the larger varieties like "though" and "although".

Indirect speech or "Say it again"

Indirect Speech (also known as Reported Speech) refers to a sentence reporting what someone has said. It is almost always used in spoken English.

If the reporting verb (i.e. said) is in the past, the reported clause will be in a past form. This form is usually one step back into the past from the original.

For example:

· She said her job was interesting.

· She said she went to the library each day.

· Our new colleague said he spoke French every day.

If simple present, present perfect or the future is used in the reporting verb (i.e. says) the tense is retained. For example:

· She says that her job is interesting.

· She says that she goes to the library each day.

· Our new colleague will say that he speaks French every day.

If reporting a general truth the present tense will be retained or even the future tensed can be used. For example:

· She said that her country is very beautiful.

· They said that trust is vital for any business.

· My wife said that she will always love me no matter what.

Now read the following story and find the indirect speech expressions in italics.

"Say it again"

"I'm just popping out to put the car away in the garage. I've left it in the road." — I told my wife that I just was popping out to put the car away in the garage as I had left it in the road. "You be careful. Remember you've had a lot to drink and the police are having a particular purge at the moment in drink driving." — She told me to be careful and reminded me that I had a lot to drink and that the police have a particular purge at the time on drink driving. She is very law-abiding, my wife.

I shut the front door and as I walked down the garden path, I noticed someone standing by the car. It was a policeman. "Very pleasant weather for the time of year." — He pointed out the pleasantness of the weather for the time of year. "Oh er - yes. Absolutely". I hesitated and agreed wholeheartedly. "Is this your car, sir". — He asked me whether it was my car.

"Yes, indeed" I affirmed confidently. "Don't see many of this particular make often. I've sometimes thought of buying one myself." — He reckoned that you did not often see many of that particular make. He sometimes thought of buying one himself. "Oh, really". I expressed interest in his comment.

"What is this man up to? Is he trying to lure me into starting up the car so that he can then breathalyze me?" — I asked myself what that man was up to and wondered whether he was trying to lure me into starting up the car so that he could then breathalyze me. "But then I doubt I could afford it. Cost a fair amount, I expect?" — Then he doubted whether he could afford it and conjectured that it it had to cost a fair amount. "I picked it up quite cheaply actually. It has done a lot of miles, you see." — I explained that I had it picked up quite cheaply because it had done a lot of miles. The man was beginning to get on my nerves. Why didn't he just arrest me for intent to drive a motor car while under the influence of drink?

The next question seemed a bit fatuous as I was clutching my car keys at the time. "Going for a spin, sir?" — He asked me whether I was going for a spin and I didn't like the way he emphasized the word spin. "No, I'm just going to put the car in the garage." — I denied this and pointed out that I was just going to put the car in the garage. "Don't let me hold you up. I'm just waiting around to catch the odd speeding motorist and anyone who's had a bit too many, ha ha." — He told me not to let him hold me up and went on to say that he was just waiting around to catch the odd speeding motorist and then added with a chuckle anyone who had had too much to drink.

I couldn't hesitate any longer and got into the car and switched on the engine. "Just a minute, sir." — The policeman asked me politely to stop for a minute. The voice of my conscience spoke: "He's got you now and you've fallen right into the trap." — He had got me now and I had fallen right into the trap. "What's the matter?" — I asked what the matter was.

"Let me just see that the road's clear for you." — He asked me to let him see the road was clear. It was and so was I. I breathed a sight of relief, drove the car into the garage and shut the door. As I turned to go into the house, I was aware of the policeman. He put his hand into his pocket. I assumed that the moment of truth had arrived. Out came his handkerchief, after all even policemen have to blow their noses. "What does he want, now?" — I asked myself what he was going to do next. "It is my duty to point out to you, sir" — it was his duty to point out to me that I drove a car under the influence? No. He just wanted to point out that one of my brake lights had gone and suggested I put it right as soon as possible

There are several types of adverb:

manner - place - time - frequency - degree.

There are different places where you can put the adverb

ADVERBS OF MANNER - these answer the question how?

This adverb usually comes after the direct object or if there is no direct object, after the verb:

She speaks Italian beautifully.
He works well.
You must drive your car carefully.
Eat quietly.

ADVERBS OF PLACE - these answer the question where?

This adverb usually comes after the object, otherwise after the verb:

We saw you there.
We were sitting here.
We looked everywhere.

Note: somewhere, anywhere, follow the same rules as some and any:

Have you seen my glasses anywhere?
I'm sure I left them somewhere.
I can't find them anywhere.

ADVERBS OF TIME - these answer the question when?

This adverb usually comes either at the very beginning of the sentence or at the end.

Afterwards we decided to go by car. I've done that journey before.

Note: yet and still: yet should be placed at the end of the sentence.

Still should be placed before the verb, except with the verb 'to be' when it comes after.

We haven't started yet.
He still wears old-fashioned clothes.
She is still a student.

Compare these two sentences:

The train still hasn't arrived.
The train hasn't arrived yet.

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY - these answer the question how many times?

This adverb comes after the verb 'to be':

She is always honest.

Comes before simple tenses of all other verbs:

They sometimes spend the whole of Saturday fishing.

Comes after the first auxiliary in a tense consisting of more than one verb:

I have often wondered how they did that.
I can sometimes go without food for days.

Note: with 'used to' and 'have' the frequency adverb is usually placed in front:

We always used to look forward to the school holidays.
He never has any trouble with his old car.

ADVERBS OF DEGREE - these answer the question to what extent?

This adverb can modify an adverb or an adjective and comes before the word it modifies:

The bottle is almost full, nearly empty.
They should be able to pass their exams quite easily.

The following adverbs of degree can also modify verbs:

almost, nearly, quite, hardly, scarcely, barely, just

They follow the same pattern as frequency adverbs in terms of where they are placed:

I quite understand.
We had almost reached the hut when the rain started.
I am just beginning a new course.

INVERSION

If you begin a sentence with one of the following, the normal word order changes - the verb comes first followed by the subject:

never, seldom, scarcely ..... when, no sooner ..... than, nowhere, in no circumstances, on no account, only then, not only

Seldom has one century seen so many changes.
No sooner did we hear the results when there was a knock at the door.
Never would I be persuaded to buy a secondhand car.

Usual word order with different adverbs: MANNER PLACE TIME

She sang beautifully in the concert hall last night.

Conditionals or "On Condition"

This story is a review of the Conditionals. As you remember there are 4 types of conditional. Can you identify them in the following sentences?

· If you squeeze an icicle in your hands it melts.

· If it rains tomorrow we will stay at home.

· If I were a millionaire I would share the money with you.

· If you hadn't called me last night I would have slept peacefully.

Now read the story and try to find out which of the condidtionals are in italics and why.

"On Condition"

If someone had told me when I was at school, I would not have believed it. If I tell people today, they say they have not heard of it. Of course it was a long time ago. But it is true: if you were 18, you had to do something called national service. If you were reasonably fit — could stand up, walk about, sit down and then stand up again and not fall over — you would have to report to a military barracks near where you lived. If I had taken the trouble to think about the practical side of the matter, I could have chosen a different service. There were after all the navy and the airforce. The navy wasn't very likely unless you had had dozens of uncles and grandparents in the service before you. In my case this didn't apply at all. The airforce somehow appealed. I liked the idea of tearing through the skies away from it all. If I think about it now, I just can't imagine why I liked the idea especially since flying for me today is a total nightmare. It probably came from Great Aunt Mary - she wasn't that big but she had acquired the title "great" because she'd been alive for so long. Anyhow she used to say: "If you really do your national service, you'll probably be a pilot. I can just see you sitting in a nice aeroplane." Of course if you objected to any type of violence against your fellow man, you could always object — officially I mean. If you thought along those lines, you were called a "conscientious objector" and you had to appear before a special tribunal and explain your reasons. Again you would probably be exempt from military service if you came from a long line of conscientious objectors. In that case you would work in a hospital for two years as a porter. But then my family didn't do a lot of objecting. I came from an ancestral background who generally agreed with the majority. We didn't like to make a fuss. The general philosophy that prevailed was: "If I were you dear, I'd get on with it." On top of that I wasn't very conscientious either. We had a black sheep in the family of course. He telephoned me shortly before my 18th birthday and said: "If you really want to get out of doing national service, I'll help you all I can. If I were you, I'd do what I'm doing." His idea was to live abroad until he was 26 and then come home. It seemed a bit extreme to me. If he'd known what happened in the end, he would have done it here because he got caught for military service in the other country where he was living!

For those few months after I was 18 I was like a cat on a hot tin roof. If the telephone rang, I would jump in the air. If the postman arrived late, I couldn't relax until he had delivered the post and I had checked every item. My parents said to me one morning: "If you don't relax, you'll end up having a nervous break down. If the post does come, there's, nothing you can do about it. If I were, you ... " but I didn't listen to the rest of the sentence because a thought had come into my mind. Supposing I were, mad, supposing I didn't know, who I was, supposing I pretended, that I didn't understand a word anybody was saying - surely the Queen wouldn't want, a madman in her army. I tried it for a few days but it was too much like hard work. You can imagine the comments: "If you're, trying to get out of conscription by pretending to be barmy, just forget, it because it isn't working ... if you honestly imagine, that your mother and I are taken in by this stupid behaviour then you are, very much mistaken. I can only repeat if I were you ..." Time passed slowly and I began to think that If I kept quiet about it, maybe the army would forget about me.

One bright autumn day in September after a particularly good night's sleep I strolled downstairs and saw what I took to be a postcard. A card from a late holiday maker perhaps? It wasn't. It was a card informing me that I had to report to H.M. Tower of London and giving me permission to travel there by underground - one-way only of course. And that's how I came to spend the first part of my national service in the Tower. Nobody now believes me if I tell them I was there for three months but then I still have the emotional scars to prove it. They tell me that if you want to visit the Tower as a tourist nowadays, it is quite expensive. I haven't been back. I think three months is long enough if you want to get to know a place. There are other places of interest near the City of London. Now, if I were you